Voltronic - Thanks a ton! I should have learned that "light stand" was the proper search term when I first started taping. I remember thinking that when I got my very first stand. Your suggestions and links were very helpful. I ended up going with the manfrotto super clamp and "Manfrotto Compact Aluminum 5-Section Monopod". Both appear to have 1/4" threads so they should work together. Part of the problem with searching for "mic extension" was that all the threads seemed to be different. Thanks again, I'll report back on how it goes.
I highly suggest you cancel your order for the monopod immediately. That is NOT what you want. Yes, there is a 1/4" male stud on the monopod and a 1/4" female socket on the SuperClamp, but you are asking for that very short and narrow 1/4" screw to deal with a lot of stress it isn't meant to take. Any lateral stress, for instance if your setup were to get bumped into, is a breakage risk. That risk is even greater with an extended weight cantilevered out at an angle. It doesn't work from a practical standpoint either, because there is no threaded connection on the other end. You would need to put another clamp onto the other end (the foot of the monopod) that will have a 1/4" or 3/8" male thread to interface with your mic shockmount. That adds more extended weight, making situation even worse for that 1/4" screw attached to your clamp. The reviews on this monopod also indicate it isn't very well made for its intended purpose.
The setup you are proposing
will not be safe for a balcony rail. Please don't do this.
Any of the options I suggested will attach to the 5/8" socket on your SuperClamp. That is a strong, reliable connection meant to take the load of heavy lighting equipment. If the choices were a bit overwhelming, just go with the Impact 3 foot stand.
If you are having trouble picturing how all of this goes together,
here is a good picture. Note that all of these setups are using 5/8" studs into SuperClamps, except for the second from the left which is using a Matthews Matthelini clamp. At least the first two on the left and the last on the right are using the Manfrotto 099B pole; the ones in the middle may be using something shorter like the Impact I recommended.
As the poster points out, all of these people should be using safety cables as well. With that (important) exception, this picture shows the way to do this properly.
Also,
here is the parent post for Part I of this thread, with direct links to lots of helpful info.